Choose one word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
A: "Oh, I'm exhausted! I've been doing homework all day."
B: "Come and put your _______ up for 5 minutes and I'll make you a cup of tea."
Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each gap.
My favourite place
This may be a surprising choice as it’s not comfortable or obviously (APPEAL) I’m sure many people gravitate towards the (GRAND) of Venice or the beauty of Sydney but the place that does it for me is a remote valley in Iceland. Far from anything man-made, it was created by a violent (NATURE) catastrophe. It would have been a challenging place to live under any circumstances but thousands of years ago a volcanic (ERUPT) under a glacier caused a flood that carved out a huge canyon. (TOWER) walls of rock on either side protect the valley from the (STRONG) of the ferocious Arctic winds. Here a forest has grown up in a (SHELTER) area of calm. I find it has its own (ATMOSPHERE) identity, which some may find (PLEASE) or even threatening. However, it draws me back time after time. I stay in the campsite and it gives me a new perspective on my everyday life. It makes me appreciate the formidable power and (ESCAPE) force of nature!
Read the text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks.
A LACK OF COMMUNICATION
Recent research has that a third of people in Britain have not met their neighbors, and those who know each other speak. Neighbors gossiping over garden fences and in the street was a common in the 1950s, says Dr. Carl Chinn, an expert on local communities. Now, however, longer hours spent working at the office, together with the Internet and satellite television, are eroding neighborhood . 'Poor neighborhoods once had a strong kinship, but now prosperity buys privacy,' said Chinn.
Professor John Locke, a social scientist at Cambridge University, has analyzed a large of surveys. He found that in America and Britain the of time spent in social activity is decreasing. A third of people said they never spoke to their neighbors at . Andrew Mayer, 25, a strategy consultant, rents a large apartment in west London, with two flat-mates, who work in e-commerce. "We have a family of teachers in upstairs and lawyers below, but our only contact comes via letters to the communal facilities or complaints that we've not put out our bin bags properly," said Mayer.
The breakdown of communities can have serious effects. Concerned at the rise in burglaries and of vandalism, the police have re-launched crime prevention schemes such as Neighbourhood Watch, calling on people who live in the same area to keep an eye on each other's houses and report anything they see which is unusual.
Fill each of the following blanks with ONE suitable word.
Chocolate has an intriguing history that goes way back in time to the Mayas of Central America, who first discovered the secret of the cocoa tree. The Mayas educated the Aztecs, who in turn revealed all to the Europeans.
The Aztecs called the drink they made from crushed cocoa beans with vanilla and sugar 'The Food of the Gods', a term changed to 'The Food for Love' in Europe. Many do swear that chocolate is an aphrodisiac and even recent research proved that chocolate does help us to relax and feel more sensual (Casanova swore by it).
Chocolate has changed a great deal the days of the Aztecs. For a start, Europeans found preferred the taste if they didn't include chili pepper its production! Spain held a monopoly on chocolate 1615, when the daughter of Phillip II of Spain married King Louis XIII of France and took the secret of chocolate with her. But so, chocolate recipes were a closely guarded secret for hundreds of years.
Although in great demand, the quality of chocolate at that time was very changeable. It all changed in the early nineteenth century, , when the first Swiss chocolate factory was founded near Vevey, the shadow of beautiful Lake Geneva. The founder and the father of Swiss chocolate were Francois-Louis Cailler. You can still buy Cailler chocolate today; in fact, most of the original chocolate 'names' are still in existence centuries on.
Read the text below and look carefully at each sentence. Find errors at each sentence and correct them (there may be more than one error in each sentence).
If there is no mistake, write "x" in both blanks.
(1) People in Britain today still pay a great deal of attention to the notion of class. (2) According to recent research by linguists, British people attach much significance to accent and choice of words than anything else, even wealth, when assessing other people social status. (3) However, a new style of English pronunciation has been adopted by people from all levels of society may soon make it impossible to judge somebody according to their speech. (4) The new standard English is known as Estuary English (EE) although it is originated in the area around the River Thames estuary, but is now typical throughout the south-east. (5) A way of speaking is very popular with the young in particular, who are keen to disguise their social origins.
(6) The most character feature of EE is a tendency to weaken consonants, particularly I and t sounds, so the word what is heard as wha and will sounds something like wiw. (7) Some vowels are not voiced clearly so the words full, fall and fool sound virtually the same, which can cause ambiguity. (8) EE speech is a controversial subject in England - some people welcome it as a sign that Britain is moving towards a class-free society, but others consider it a lazy, ignorant way of speaking, and schools have told to encourage their pupils to speak more correctly.
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Read the following passage then choose the best answer to each question below.
THE CHANGE IN ART AFTER WORLD WAR II
In the 1930s, before the onset of war, rationing, and army drafts, art reflected the somewhat serene lives of the people. Mundane scenes such as factory workers or office settings were routinely painted to depict the era. They were reminiscent of the people living a routine life in the middle class, ordinary settings. Yet in 1939, fighting spread throughout the world. War and the subsequent struggles for power, existence, and peace brought great unrest for countries around the world following World War II. With the changes wrought by war, many countries felt the need to convey a new, postwar image. It was from this need that abstract expressionism evolved as a modem and recognized art form.
Abstract artist Jackson Pollock gave a clear picture of the emergence of abstract art when he said, "The modern painter cannot express this age - the airplane, the atom bomb, the radio - in the old forms of the Renaissance or of any other past culture. Each finds its own technique." It was the art of this revolutionary painter that helped define the abstract movement. Postwar artists like Pollock developed free-form aesthetics by abandoning conventions of past styles while maintaining focused, self-reflexive qualities and the feelings of each individual artist. The method for creating abstract art involved painting free of religious, political, and popular subjects. The paintings were instead comprised of bright colors and shapes, characterized by personal expression rather than the development of a predictable art style. Much personal empowerment grew out of this profound freedom of expression.
After World War II and during the uncertainty of the Cold War, the world tottered back and forth between stability and instability. People felt great anxiety amidst their growing prosperity. They viewed the modern art of the time as bold, triumphant, and self-assured. Although the work seemed to exude postwar confidence, artists portrayed profound unease and viewed their work much differently. Their images were the expression of desperation in the midst of a tough reality inspired by unrest and contrasted with material growth. The psychology of the abstract art form emerged from this altered mindset that was at once strong and vulnerable confident and subdued. Consequently, artists at the time had the need to feel their experiences in ways that were intense, immediate, direct, subtle, unified, and vivid. "Painting is a state of being ... painting is self-discovery. Every good artist paints what he is," stated Pollock. Abstract expressionism, as the new art style became known, was a way to embody the artist's yearning for stability in an unstable world as well as a way to emphasize his own personal ideas and use those as expression.
Pollock's chief ambition in his art was to incorporate opposition. He did this by pairing order with chaos, reason with passion, and modernism with primitivism. Similar to other abstract artists, he preferred to portray notions of the subconscious, giving free reign to forgotten personal memories and psychic impulses. George Tooker, another artist of the time, painted The Subway, which illustrated postwar expectations of individuality and conformity. The affluence of the nation's newfound economic success combined with anxiety over political instability to form a dual consciousness that is said to haunt America's identity still. Each head a set of signature styles that expressed personal and societal isolation of the artist in abstract ways.
During this time, modern art became identified widely as "American" art, having its focal point primarily on the nation. The Museum of Modern Art in New York began to ship abstract expressionistic works to be displayed in places like Milan, Madrid, Berlin, Amsterdam, Paris, and London. Some critics overseas were dismayed, stating that this type of abstract art was not new. As this art was practiced elsewhere, they continued by saying it was not good quality painting and was not purely American. One writer hailed typical American abstract art as "heir of the pioneer and immigrant." Another saw the artists as heroic rebels, comparing them to movie stars of the same caliber as James Dean and Marlon Brando or teen idols such as Elvis Presley.
As the US was celebrating a highly contradictory mix of freedom and individuality, abstract expressionism became a political pawn of sorts. The art reflected the ambiguity of the world at the time as war-ravaged countries worked to recover their economy and people worked to achieve a normal state of life. The artists of abstract expressionism effectively captured the emotion of the nation as it emerged from a time of stress and tried to form an updated image.
Read the following passage and choose which of the headings from A - J match the blanks. There are two extra headings, which do not match any of the paragraphs.
Headings:
A. The gyre principle
B. The Greenhouse Effect
C. How ocean waters move
D. Increased Temperatures
E. The advection principle
F. How the Greenhouse Effects Will Change Ocean Temperatures
G. Figuring the sea level changes
H. Estimated figures
I. The diffusion model
J. Statistical evidence
Rising Sea
Paragraph 1:
The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a “natural” variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized in our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue. Scientists and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas would like to know the extent of future sea level rises.
Paragraph 2:
Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the oceans as passive, stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which takes into account a number of subtle facets of the sea — including vast and complex ocean currents — suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted.
Paragraph 3:
An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cm and 1.4 m, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. This model only takes into account the temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in groundwater storage. When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively.
Paragraph 4:
It’s not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitively to the influence of land masses and the atmosphere. For example, consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just “diffuse” from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards). Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many models have adopted.
Paragraph 5:
Much of the early work, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions. By movement, of course, scientists don’t mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents. To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process-advection. Imagine smoke rising from a chimney. On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion. With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind, this process is advection — the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion.
Paragraph 6:
Massive oceans current called gyres do the moving. These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere. Indeed, just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin of the gyres lies in the fact that more heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat trends to move from the former to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the “Trade Winds”) that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents.
Paragraph 7:
Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth’s rotation and affected by the positions of the continents. The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 North and South are clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They flow towards the east at mind latitudes in the equatorial region. They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents. When two different masses of water meet, once will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the subduction process. The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. The convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction. This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. Cold water from the Poles travels as depth-it is denser than warm water-until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current.
Paragraph 8:
Ocean currents, in three dimensions, from a giant “conveyor belt”, distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans and around the globe. Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the deep water. With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the interior. This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion. Because warm water expands more than cold when it is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe. It is now believed that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion. Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution of the winds, then this “evening-out” process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. Do not change the word given.
If you feel stressed, breathing slowly should calm you down. (MAKE)
=> Breathing slowly ...... if you feel stressed.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. Do not change the word given.
He had no idea what was going to happen to him when he walked into that room. (STORE)
=> Little ..... him when he walked into that room.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. Do not change the word given.
Have you seen my glasses anywhere by any chance? (HAPPEN)
=> You ......, do you?
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. Do not change the word given.
I was determined to take advantage of the experience. (MISSED)
=> I would ..... such an experience for all the world.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. Do not change the word given.
Trying desperately to compensate for his terrible behavior, he bought her a bunch of flowers. (AMENDS)
=> In a ..... his terrible behavior, he bought her a bunch of flowers.
The spectators got so angry that they had to cancel the football match.
=> Such .....
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
The northwest of Britain has more rain each year than the southeast.
=> The annual ..........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
Whatever happens, you must not go into my office without permission. (ACCOUNT)
=> On .....
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
My parents are furious with me for getting a tattoo and so have grounded me. (ARMS)
=> My parents, who .....
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
I've become extremely good at missing the rush hour over the last few weeks. (FINE)
=> I got missing the rush hour .....